Excerpt of the summary:

Childhood diseases have profound lifelong effects on health, livelihoods, and societies. Investment in early childhood results in highly cost-effective changes to lifelong health, productivity, and human capital returns. Yet, there remain substantial gaps in knowledge on the efficacy and safety of many paediatric interventions, which represents a failure to establish shared priorities and alignment across governments, researchers, communities, and funders. Children are frequently marginalised from clinical trials, which is an issue of equity. Challenges include mismatched priorities and funding, risk adversity, poor design, power imbalances, and inadequate infrastructure.

Some graphs:

Figure 2 Demographic characteristics of paediatric clinical trials 2020–23

Figure 3 Registered paediatric clinical trials by country (2020–23)